930 resultados para Vírus do papiloma


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Tese de mestrado, Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014

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RESUMO - O cancro do colo útero representa um importante problema de saúde pública em Portugal: é o terceiro cancro mais frequente nas mulheres entre os 15 e os 44 anos, originando a morte de 346 mulheres anualmente. Contudo, esta patologia é altamente evitável, nomeadamente, através da imunização contra a infeção HPV, que é a causa necessária para o desenvolvimento do cancro. A elevada prevalência da infeção em mulheres mais velhas sugere que a vacinação poderá ser uma estratégia custo-efetiva mesmo numa faixa etária superior. Para que seja racionalmente ponderada a comparticipação da vacina nestas mulheres é necessária a realização de um estudo fármaco-económico que comprove o custo-efetividade desta intervenção, já que o seu financiamento atual prevê apenas as mulheres não abrangidas pelo Programa Nacional de Vacinação, dos 18 aos 25 anos. Os objetivos do trabalho são realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre estudos de avaliação económica relativos à prevenção do CCU e avaliar a relação de custo-efetividade de vacinar mulheres contra o HPV entre os 26 e os 55 anos em comparação com a prática clínica corrente, em Portugal. É utilizado o Modelo Global Cervarix® e realiza-se uma análise de custo-utilidade e de custo-efetividade. Os resultados demonstraram que a vacinação em mulheres dos 26 aos 45 anos poderá ser uma opção custo-efetiva, permitindo um aumento de anos de vida, uma diminuição dos casos e mortes por CCU e um incremento de QALYs. O RCEI variou entre 7.914€/QALY e 29.049€/QALY com a vacinação aos 26 e aos 45 anos, respetivamente, para a alternativa de vacinação mais rastreio versus a situação atual de rastreio organizado e oportunístico, em Portugal.

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The genital HPV infection is very common between men and women worldwide, affecting particularly young women, constituting a serious public health problem in less developed regions, favored by the poor living conditions of population. The cytology and colposcopy have notorious importance in the diagnosis of precursor lesions of cervical cancer and therefore its prevention. However, even with such diagnostic tools, the number of women who develop cervical cancer is still high. This study aims to assess the prevalence of genital tract infection by HPV in pregnant and nonpregnant women, evaluating the profile of the immune response presented by the women of these two groups in order to establish correlations among profile of immune response, presence of virus and occurrence of lesions of the uterine cervix. We analyzed specimens obtained from the cervix of 221 patients, 91 pregnant and 130 non-pregnant, aged 14-72 years. The women were subjected to colposcopic and cytologic evaluation detect possible changes in the cervix and then samples were collected in order to perform HPV detection by PCR and real-time PCR for detection of mRNA of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. In the present study, the overall prevalence of HPV genital infection was 28.1%; of which 31.9% were pregnant patients and 25.4% in non-pregnant women. Young women under 30 years and those with low educational level education showed a higher risk of HPV infection. Colposcopy showed better correlation with detection of HPV DNA by PCR, when compared to cytology. Generally, HPV infected patients, pregnant or not, exhibited reduced mRNA expression of both pro-inflammatory (IFN-γ, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL -10) cytokines, when compared to patients not infected by HPV. Nonpregnant patients infected presented increase mRNA expression of IL-17 in patients without injury, whereas those with lesion showed higher mRNA expression of TGF-β. Pregnant women without injury infected exhibited increased mRNA expression of TGF-β. There was no difference in HPV prevalence between pregnant and nonpregnant women. There was a reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, except IL-17, in all women infected by HPV. Moreover, we observed an increase of TGF-β in HPV-infected women who are pregnant or not. The results suggest that, in women in this study, HPV infection promoted changes in the profile of cytokines necessary for activation of effective immune response, possibly favoring viral persistence

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Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz

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Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014

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O Papilomavírus humano (HPV) é um vírus DNA bastante prevalente em estimativas mundiais, sendo a DST isolada mais frequente no mundo. Existem poucos dados sobre prevalência em adolescentes sem vida sexual ativa, havendo ainda muitos tabus nesta faixa etária. O presente estudo tem por objetivo identificar a prevalência de Papilomavírus humano através de biologia molecular em pacientes sem coitarca, comparando com um grupo de pacientes da mesma faixa etária com atividade sexual. Foram avaliadas 100 adolescentes com idade variando de 11 a 20 anos, com pelo menos dois anos pós-menarca, atendidas no período de janeiro de 2007 a janeiro de 2009 no ambulatório de ginecologia infantopuberal do Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto. Das 100 adolescentes, 50 apresentavam hímen íntegro e 50 relatavam atividade sexual regular. Para as pacientes sem coitarca (grupo 1) foi realizada uma coleta apenas de vestíbulo e para as pacientes com atividade sexual (grupo 2) foi realizada coleta de vagina e endocérvice. A pesquisa de DNA-HPV foi realizada por captura híbrida de 2 geração. Os resultados foram descritos em unidade relativa de luz. Para os dados categóricos foram aplicados os testes exato de Fisher. A positividade geral de DNA de HPV de alto e de baixo risco foi de 72%. No grupo 1 houve positividade do teste em 3 casos (6%). Já no grupo 2, 33 casos (66%) foram positivos para pelo menos um sítio. Material de vagina foi positivo em 30 casos (60%) e de colo em 27 casos (54%). Pode-se concluir que a positividade nas meninas com vida sexual ativa é alta. A infecção pelo HPV, ainda que pouco frequente, pode estar presente em meninas sem coitarca.

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O câncer de colo do útero é o terceiro tipo de câncer mais frequente em mulheres no mundo, e a infecção persistente pelo papilomavirus humano (HPV) oncogênico é condição necessária, mas não suficiente para seu desenvolvimento. As oncoproteínas virais E6 e E7 interferem direta ou indiretamente na ação de várias proteínas celulares. Entretanto, as variantes proteicas, resultantes de polimorfismos genéticos, podem apresentar comportamento distinto mediante a infecção pelo HPV. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar possíveis associações entre polimorfismos nos genes TP53 (p53 PIN3, p53 72C>G) e p21 (p21 31C>A) e o desenvolvimento de neoplasias cervicais, considerando os níveis de expressão das proteínas p53, p21, p16 e ciclina D1, e fatores de risco clássicos para o câncer cervical. Foram selecionadas 466 mulheres residentes no Rio de Janeiro, 281 com diagnóstico histopatológico de neoplasia cervical de baixo (LSIL) e alto grau (HSIL) e câncer (grupo de casos) e 185 sem história atual ou pregressa de alteração citológica do colo uterino (grupo controle). A técnica de PCR-RFLP (reação em cadeia da polimerase - polimorfismo de comprimento de fragmento de restrição), foi empregada na análise dos polimorfismos p53 72C>G e p21 31C>A, usando as enzimas de restrição BstUI e BsmaI, respectivamente. A avaliação do polimorfismo p53 PIN3 (duplicação de 16 pb) foi feita por meio da análise eletroforética direta dos produtos de PCR. A expressão das proteínas p53, p21, p16, ciclina D1 e Ki-67 e a pesquisa de anticorpos anti-HPV 16 e HPV pool foram avaliadas por imunohistoquímica (Tissue Microarray - TMA) em 196 biópsias do grupo de casos. O grupo controle se mostrou em equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg em relação aos três polimorfismos avaliados. As distribuições genotípicas e alélicas relativas a p53 PIN3 e p53 72C>G nos grupos controles e de casos não apresentaram diferenças significativas, embora o genótipo p53 72CC tenha aumentado o risco atribuído ao uso de contraceptivos das pacientes apresentarem lesões mais severas (OR=4,33; IC 95%=1,19-15,83). O genótipo p21 31CA(Ser/Arg) conferiu proteção ao desenvolvimento de HSIL ou câncer (OR=0,61, IC 95%=0,39-0,97), e modificou o efeito de fatores de risco associados à severidade das lesões. A interação multiplicativa de alelos mostrou que a combinação p53 PIN3A1, p53 72C(Pro) e p21 31C(Ser), representou risco (OR=1,67, IC95%=1,03-2,72) e a combinação p53 PIN3A1, p53 72C(Pro) e p21 31A(Arg) conferiu efeito protetor (OR=0,26, IC95%=0,08-0,78) para o desenvolvimento de HSIL e câncer cervical. Observou-se correlação positiva da expressão de p16 e p21 e negativa da ciclina D1 com o grau da lesão. A distribuição epitelial de p16, Ki-67, p21 e p53 se mostrou associada à severidade da lesão. Os polimorfismos analisados não apresentaram associação com a expressão dos biomarcadores ou positividade para HPV. Nossos resultados sugerem a importância do polimorfismo p21 31C>A para o desenvolvimento das neoplasias cervicais e ausência de correlação dos polimorfismos p53 PIN3 e p53 72C>G com a carcinogênese cervical, embora alguns genótipos tenham se comportado como modificadores de risco. Nossos resultados de TMA corroboram o potencial de uso de biomarcadores do ciclo celular para diferenciar as lesões precursoras do câncer cervical.

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Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Farmacêuticas

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Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Medicina Dentária

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Tese de doutoramento, Biologia (Microbiologia), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2014

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The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the major sexually transmitted disease all over the world. There are many factors associated to infection and the virus persistency in the organism. This study aims to evaluate the women's knowledge, attitudes and practice about the Papanicolaou test (Pap), as well as analyze the HPV and Chlamydia trachomatis infections prevalences in sexually active women from the city of São José do Mipibu/RN/Brazil. This research was divided in two steps (step I and step II), using different methodologies and samples each. The samples collected in each step, even socio-demographic or from uterus cervix, are from different patients e were analyzed separated. In step I was evaluated 267 rural and urban zone women s knowledge, attitudes and practices about the Pap by home interview. In the step II were included 605 women with age ranged from 15 to 71 years old, with mean of 33,5 years old and from each one were collected two cervical samples, one for Pap and other for molecular biology, beside the epidemiological interview to investigate the correlation between prevalence of HPV infection and risk factors. To molecular analyses, the samples were processed using a mammal rapid DNA extraction technique protocol. For C. trachomatis DNA detection were used the CP24/27 primers, and GP5+/GP6+ to HPV. PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis on 8% polyacrylamide gels, followed by silver staining. The results of the step I showed that, in spite of only 46,1% of the interviewed women they have demonstrated to possess appropriate knowledge on the Pap test, the attitude and practice proportions were significantly larger, 63,3% and 64,4% respectively. The largest education degree presented association with adaptation of the knowledge, attitudes and practice, while neglect, lack of solicitation of the exam for the doctor and shame, came as main barriers for the accomplishment of the exam. In the stage II the HPV general prevalence was 28,9%, being 26,7% in the women with normal cytology or benign alterations, 26,7% in the ones that had atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) and 80% in those with Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL). the HPV infection prevalence was larger in the patients with up to 30 years of age and in the unmarried women, and those that had more than one sexual partner presented larger infection risk. The results show that the sexual relationship with multiple partners increased the infection risk for HPV and consequently the possibility of the occurrence of lesions uterine cervix

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This study assessed the level of knowledge, attitude and practice of Pap smear and human papillomavirus (HPV), in addition to analyzing the prevalence of genital HPV infection, Herpes Simplex Type 2 (HSV-2) and Chlamydia trachomatis in teenagers. The study consisted of two approaches, one based only on interviews conducted with adolescents enrolled in public schools or in public health facilities in the city of Natal. The other approach involved only a group of 132 adolescents enrolled among those admitted to two health units in Natal-RN. This second group of participants two specimens were collected for laboratory analysis: one was directed to prepare the blade for the Pap test, and other processed for DNA extraction for molecular analysis, focusing on the detection of HPV, HSV-2 and C . trachomatis. The presence of DNA of the three pathogens was investigated by the technique of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The presence of each of the three pathogens was analyzed in terms of socio-demographic characteristics, as well as sexual and reproductive activity to identify risk factors for infection and development of lesions of the uterine cervix. The results show that the adolescents in this study had levels of knowledge and attitude very low, both in relation to cytology to HPV as though they have made a reasonable percentage of adequate practice exam and prevention of HPV infection. The overall prevalence of HPV infection was 54.5% and 48.2% in adolescents with normal cytology and 86.4% in those with abnormal cytology. We observed a higher proportion of cases of infection in the age group of 18 to 21. The prevalence of HPV infection was slightly higher among pregnant teenagers. The overall prevalence of HSV-2 infection was 13.6% and 11.8% in women with normal cytology and 22.7% in those with abnormal cytology. A higher proportion of cases of infection was found in the age group from 14 to 17, with a slightly higher prevalence among pregnant women. The C. trachomatis was found with an overall prevalence of 19.7% and 21.8% in adolescents with normal cytology and 9.1% in those with abnormal cytology. The prevailing rate was highest in the age group 18 to 21 years and in nonpregnant

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Genital infection with Chlamydia trachomatis is now recognized as one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections (STDs). Despite major advances in laboratory diagnosis techniques, primarily the character of asymptomatic chlamydial infection in both men and in women constitutes the basis for the formation of reservoirs that perpetuate transmission and acquisition of this and other STDs. The asymptomatic in women favors the rise of infection to the upper genital tract, causing injuries that can result in infertility. An examination of population screening for early detection and treatment of asymptomatic infections is the key step in combating this major public health problem. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of infection by C. trachomatis in sexually active women attended the screening program for cervical cancer of the uterus in health facilities in municipalities in different regions of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, and identify factors that may contribute to the spread of this pathogen and its relationship with the lesions of the uterine cervix. It is a cross-sectional study aimed at detecting the presence of genital tract infection by C. trachomatis either in isolated form or in association with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection in asymptomatic women. Were included in this study, a total sample of 1,134 women aged 13-76, mean 34.4 years, from March 2008 to September 2012. Specimens containing exfoliated cells of the epithelium of the uterine cervix were analyzed by examining Pap cytology for the detection of possible injuries, and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of plasmid DNA from C. trachomatis and HPV. Infection with C. trachomatis was detected with overall prevalence rate of 8.1% in the isolated form and 2.8% in co-infection with HPV. The infection was detected in 7.4% of women with normal cytology 11.5% of those with atypical cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) and 16.7% of those with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL). We observed an association between C. trachomatis and incidence of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL). The genital tract infection by C. trachomatis alone was associated with education level, ethnicity and parity, revealing that women with higher education, those of non-white ethnicity and those who had three or more pregnancies were more likely to acquire infection. Levels very close to statistical significance were observed for chronological age, age at first sexual intercourse and first pregnancy. There was no association with marital status, number of sexual partners. Co-infection with C. trachomatis and HPV was detected in 2.3% of women with normal cytology, who had 5.1% in ASC-US and 10.4% in those with LSIL. No association was found between infection C. trachomatis and increased risk of HPV infection, but women with simultaneous infection by both pathogens showed greater risk for LSIL. Co-infection was more prevalent among single women, who had in the first sexual intercourse under 18 years and those who had two or more sexual partners over a lifetime

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)